Sunday's project needed a technical lesson, found finally via Scharffen Berger. Project idea courtesy of Misia, with love: Chocolate with ancho chile, Mexican cinnamon, a hint of almond extract, and dark, cracked Valrhona cacao nibs.

Tempering Chocolate

All temperatures refer to degrees Farenheit.

You have probably seen the word temper used in reference to steel. Tempered steel is harder and more durable than untempered steel. Exactly the same is true of chocolate. More specifically, well-tempered chocolate is hard, snaps crisply when broken, feels dry to the touch and smooth in the mouth, will not bloom when kept away from heat, has an attractive sheen, and melts at a specific temperature (1-2 degrees below normal body temperature). It has these properties as a result of the structure, size, and number of cocoa butter crystals present within the chocolate, all of which are controlled by the way in which it is tempered.

Unlike water, which is made up of identical molecules of H20 and can freeze or crystallize in only one way, cocoa butter, which contains several different types of fat molecules, can crystallize in a number of different ways. In practice, only one type of crystal provides the stability over time, as well as the properties described above, that are desirable in chocolate. This type of crystal begins to form at about 82 or 83 degrees and begins to melt at about 95 degrees. At the lower end of this range chocolate thickens; at the upper end it thins out. It is crucial, therefore, when tempering chocolate or working with already tempered chocolate to keep it within these temperatures limits. To be perfectly safe, it is better to remain 2 degrees above the lower limit and 2 degrees below the upper limit.

When you start with commercially produced chocolate (as opposed to chocolate you yourself have tempered), you should first melt all the chocolate to 115 degrees. This is necessary because it is not uncommon for some unstable crystals-the ones that crystallize and melt at lower temperatures-to hide in the center of large chocolate blocks. By melting chocolate to 115 degrees, you dissolve all crystals and start with a virgin product. It is perfectly safe to melt both dark and milk chocolate to this temperature.

Once you understand the basic principles behind the behavior of cocoa butter crystals, there are several tempering methods to choose from. The one we prefer needs no previously tempered chocolate.

Tempering from Scratch

1. Break up chocolate and melt completely over double boiler to 115 degrees.

2. Bring entire mass of liquid chocolate to approximately 95 degrees while stirring over a bath of cool water.

3. Remove 1/4 to 1/3 of the choocolate and cool this portion further to about 85 degrees while stirring to make certain the temperature is uniform. This step can also be carried out on a marble slab.

4. Maintain remaining chocolate at approximately 95 degrees, stirring occasionally. You can either leave a thermometer in this bowl, or if you periodically touch the chocolate to your lips, no temperature difference should be perceptible.

5. When the cooler portion of the chocolate just begins to thicken, add it to the 95 degrees portion, remove from the warm bath, and stir gently to make sure the two portions are fully mixed. The chocolate should now be around 91-92 degrees and fully tempered.

Possible side project: homemade marshmallows, peppermint and/or vanilla (with kosher gelatin). Some maybe covered with the Valrhona.

Now: need helper.

...

also: to Dan, for whom husbands and wives grow into trees, as he tends the soil and waits.

The Archipelago of Kisses

We live in a modern society. Husbands and wives don't grow
on trees, like in the old days. So where

does one find love? When you're sixteen it's easy,
like being unleashed with a credit card

in a department store of kisses. There's the first kiss.
The sloppy kiss. The peck.

The sympathy kiss. The backseat smooch. The we
shouldn't be doing this kiss. The but your lips

taste so good kiss. The bury me in an avalanche of
tingles kiss.

The I wish you'd quit smoking kiss.
The I accept your apology, but you make me really mad

sometimes kiss. The I know
your tongue like the back of my hand kiss.

As you get older,
kisses become scarce. You'll be driving

home and see a damaged kiss on the side of the road,
with its purple thumb out. If you were younger,

you'd pull over, slide open the mouth's red door
just to see how it fits. Oh where does one find love?

If you rub two glances, you get a smile.
Rub two smiles, you get a warm feeling.

Rub two warm feelings and presto-you have a kiss.
Now what? Don't invite the kiss over

and answer the door in your underwear.
It'll get suspicious and stare at your toes. Don't

water the kiss with whisky. It'll turn bright pink and
explode into a thousand luscious splinters,

but in the morning it'll be ashamed and sneak out of
your body without saying good-bye,

and you'll remember that kiss forever by all the
little cuts it left on the inside of your mouth. You must

nurture the kiss. Turn out the lights.
Notice how it illuminates the room. Hold it to your chest

and wonder if the sand inside hourglasses comes from a
special beach. Place it on the tongue's pillow,

then look up the first recorded kiss in an
encyclopedia: beneath a Babylonian olive tree in 1200 B.C.

But one kiss levitates above all the others. The intersection
of function and desire. The I do kiss.

The I'll love you through a brick wall kiss. Even when
I'm dead, I'll swim through the Earth,

like a mermaid of the soil, just to be next to your
bones.

-- Jeffrey McDaniel

beats the hell out of endnotes

Economist notes in recent article that textbook growth theories (e.g. the Solow model) completely fail at explaining postwar economic history. None of these are explained by any textbook model: Europe catching up to the U.S. until ~1970, then falling behind; Latin America stagnating while (west-southeast) Asia booms. So is whole field of long-term growth just mathematical masturbation? Not so fast, please. The article deals with decades-long trends like the above rather than localized "events", thus seeming to indicate that the textbook models couldn't explain the trends as relating to any parameters. Attempts to explain historical data by saying countries had different savings rates or capital accumulation, for example, are unsuccessful. Must take theories in context of scope. Write this 50 times on blackboard.

Economist source, academic paper from Harvard & Brown on growth models (title footnoted for godsake) presents some more sophisticated models, involving innovation, that are more successful. An intriguing result: Good secondary education are good for countries catching-up, good tertiary education for countries on the cutting edge of technology.

School in January: inward and onward.

daydreaming



from Burning Towers, Standing Wall

(...)

An index finger dressing a joint will
fix in the mortar its mark, an intimacy
to surpass every other gesture the hand
has made. What went on
behind these walls and who stood here
and hissed out or was massacred
so that our imagination of them is saturated
with encounter? And what do they frame
if not the intuition of our relation,
a resonance? They who heard also
the echo of hammers and dogs upwelling
into their hills. And followed Venus with their eyes
on its transverse. And stood near this same wall
noting the caliber and flow of a stream of urine.
Two stones butted together in a course and another
stone laid over the seam. Who sopped-in
laughter and met pain with breath. And sank under
the ceaselessly breaking wave of event, is
conjugating here. The fragility of presence. A bird
perched at the tip of a branch. Singing, we say.

-- Forrest Gander

write a Mary Oliver poem -- in your sleep.

Song for Autumn

In the deep fall
don't you imagine the leaves think how
comfortable it will be to touch
the earth instead of the
nothingness of air and the endless
freshets of wind? And don't you think
the trees themselves, especially those with mossy,
warm caves, begin to think

of the birds that will come — six, a dozen — to sleep
inside their bodies? And don't you hear
the goldenrod whispering goodbye,
the everlasting being crowned with the first
tuffets of snow? The pond
vanishes, and the white field over which
the fox runs so quickly brings out
its blue shadows. And the wind pumps its
bellows. And at evening especially,
the piled firewood shifts a little,
longing to be on its way.

-- Mary Oliver

First Sunday in Ordinary Time

Clocks again! Forgot, as usual, so up with the sun and blessed with time for

Latin lesson-building
Sukkah un-building (at CBI)
Joni listening
Floor sweeping
Coffee drinking
Pumpkin carving